GDALWARP(1) GDAL GDALWARP(1)
NAME
gdalwarp - Image reprojection and warping utility.
SYNOPSIS
gdalwarp [--help-general] [--formats]
[-s_srs srs_def] [-t_srs srs_def] [-ct string] [-to "NAME=VALUE"]* [-vshift | -novshift]
[[-s_coord_epoch epoch] | [-t_coord_epoch epoch]]
[-order n | -tps | -rpc | -geoloc] [-et err_threshold]
[-refine_gcps tolerance [minimum_gcps]]
[-te xmin ymin xmax ymax] [-te_srs srs_def]
[-tr xres yres] [-tap] [-ts width height]
[-ovr level|AUTO|AUTO-n|NONE] [-wo "NAME=VALUE"] [-ot Byte/Int16/...] [-wt Byte/Int16]
[-srcnodata "value [value...]"] [-dstnodata "value [value...]"]
[-srcalpha|-nosrcalpha] [-dstalpha]
[-r resampling_method] [-wm memory_in_mb] [-multi] [-q]
[-cutline datasource] [-cl layer] [-cwhere expression]
[-csql statement] [-cblend dist_in_pixels] [-crop_to_cutline]
[-if format]* [-of format] [-co "NAME=VALUE"]* [-overwrite]
[-nomd] [-cvmd meta_conflict_value] [-setci] [-oo NAME=VALUE]*
[-doo NAME=VALUE]*
srcfile* dstfile
DESCRIPTION
The gdalwarp utility is an image mosaicing, reprojection and warping
utility. The program can reproject to any supported projection, and can
also apply GCPs stored with the image if the image is "raw" with con-
trol information.
-s_srs <srs def>
Set source spatial reference. If not specified the SRS found in
the input dataset will be used.
The coordinate reference systems that can be passed are anything
supported by the OGRSpatialReference.SetFromUserInput() call,
which includes EPSG Projected, Geographic or Compound CRS (i.e.
EPSG:4296), a well known text (WKT) CRS definition, PROJ.4 dec-
larations, or the name of a .prj file containing a WKT CRS defi-
nition.
Starting with GDAL 2.2, if the SRS has an explicit vertical da-
tum that points to a PROJ.4 geoidgrids, and the input dataset is
a single band dataset, a vertical correction will be applied to
the values of the dataset.
-s_coord_epoch <epoch>
New in version 3.4.
Assign a coordinate epoch, linked with the source SRS. Useful
when the source SRS is a dynamic CRS. Only taken into account if
-s_srs is used.
Currently -s_coord_epoch and -t_coord_epoch are mutually exclu-
sive, due to lack of support for transformations between two dy-
namic CRS.
-t_srs <srs_def>
Set target spatial reference.
A source SRS must be available for reprojection to occur. The
source SRS will be by default the one found in the input dataset
when it is available, or as overridden by the user with -s_srs
The coordinate reference systems that can be passed are anything
supported by the OGRSpatialReference.SetFromUserInput() call,
which includes EPSG Projected, Geographic or Compound CRS (i.e.
EPSG:4296), a well known text (WKT) CRS definition, PROJ.4 dec-
larations, or the name of a .prj file containing a WKT CRS defi-
nition.
Starting with GDAL 2.2, if the SRS has an explicit vertical da-
tum that points to a PROJ.4 geoidgrids, and the input dataset is
a single band dataset, a vertical correction will be applied to
the values of the dataset.
-t_coord_epoch <epoch>
New in version 3.4.
Assign a coordinate epoch, linked with the target SRS. Useful
when the target SRS is a dynamic CRS. Only taken into account if
-t_srs is used.
Currently -s_coord_epoch and -t_coord_epoch are mutually exclu-
sive, due to lack of support for transformations between two dy-
namic CRS.
-ct <string>
A PROJ string (single step operation or multiple step string
starting with +proj=pipeline), a WKT2 string describing a Coor-
dinateOperation, or a urn:ogc:def:coordinateOperation:EPSG::XXXX
URN overriding the default transformation from the source to the
target CRS. It must take into account the axis order of the
source and target CRS.
New in version 3.0.
-to <NAME=VALUE>
Set a transformer option suitable to pass to GDALCreateGenImg-
ProjTransformer2().
-vshift
Force the use of vertical shift. This option is generally not
necessary, except when using an explicit coordinate transforma-
tion (-ct), and not specifying an explicit source and target
SRS.
New in version 3.4.
-novshift
Disable the use of vertical shift when one of the source or tar-
get SRS has an explicit vertical datum, and the input dataset is
a single band dataset.
NOTE:
this option was named -novshiftgrid in GDAL 2.2 to 3.3.
New in version 3.4.
-order <n>
order of polynomial used for warping (1 to 3). The default is to
select a polynomial order based on the number of GCPs.
-tps Force use of thin plate spline transformer based on available
GCPs.
-rpc Force use of RPCs.
-geoloc
Force use of Geolocation Arrays.
-et <err_threshold>
Error threshold for transformation approximation (in pixel units
- defaults to 0.125, unless, starting with GDAL 2.1, the RPC_DEM
warping option is specified, in which case, an exact trans-
former, i.e. err_threshold=0, will be used).
-refine_gcps <tolerance minimum_gcps>
Refines the GCPs by automatically eliminating outliers. Out-
liers will be eliminated until minimum_gcps are left or when no
outliers can be detected. The tolerance is passed to adjust
when a GCP will be eliminated. Not that GCP refinement only
works with polynomial interpolation. The tolerance is in pixel
units if no projection is available, otherwise it is in SRS
units. If minimum_gcps is not provided, the minimum GCPs ac-
cording to the polynomial model is used.
-te <xmin ymin xmax ymax>
Set georeferenced extents of output file to be created (in tar-
get SRS by default, or in the SRS specified with -te_srs)
-te_srs <srs_def>
Specifies the SRS in which to interpret the coordinates given
with -te. The <srs_def> may be any of the usual GDAL/OGR forms,
complete WKT, PROJ.4, EPSG:n or a file containing the WKT. This
must not be confused with -t_srs which is the target SRS of the
output dataset. -te_srs is a convenience e.g. when knowing the
output coordinates in a geodetic long/lat SRS, but still wanting
a result in a projected coordinate system.
-tr <xres> <yres>
Set output file resolution (in target georeferenced units).
If not specified (or not deduced from -te and -ts), gdalwarp
will generate an output raster with xres=yres, and that even
when using gdalwarp in scenarios not involving reprojection.
-tap (target aligned pixels) align the coordinates of the extent of
the output file to the values of the -tr, such that the aligned
extent includes the minimum extent.
-ts <width> <height>
Set output file size in pixels and lines. If width or height is
set to 0, the other dimension will be guessed from the computed
resolution. Note that -ts cannot be used with -tr
-ovr <level|AUTO|AUTO-n|NONE>
To specify which overview level of source files must be used.
The default choice, AUTO, will select the overview level whose
resolution is the closest to the target resolution. Specify an
integer value (0-based, i.e. 0=1st overview level) to select a
particular level. Specify AUTO-n where n is an integer greater
or equal to 1, to select an overview level below the AUTO one.
Or specify NONE to force the base resolution to be used (can be
useful if overviews have been generated with a low quality re-
sampling method, and the warping is done using a higher quality
resampling method).
-wo `"NAME=VALUE"`
Set a warp option. The GDALWarpOptions::papszWarpOptions docs
show all options. Multiple -wo options may be listed.
-ot <type>
Force the output image bands to have a specific data type sup-
ported by the driver, which may be one of the following: Byte,
UInt16, Int16, UInt32, Int32, Float32, Float64, CInt16, CInt32,
CFloat32 or CFloat64.
-wt <type>
Working pixel data type. The data type of pixels in the source
image and destination image buffers.
-r <resampling_method>
Resampling method to use. Available methods are:
near: nearest neighbour resampling (default, fastest algorithm,
worst interpolation quality).
bilinear: bilinear resampling.
cubic: cubic resampling.
cubicspline: cubic spline resampling.
lanczos: Lanczos windowed sinc resampling.
average: average resampling, computes the weighted average of
all non-NODATA contributing pixels.
rms root mean square / quadratic mean of all non-NODATA con-
tributing pixels (GDAL >= 3.3)
mode: mode resampling, selects the value which appears most of-
ten of all the sampled points.
max: maximum resampling, selects the maximum value from all
non-NODATA contributing pixels.
min: minimum resampling, selects the minimum value from all
non-NODATA contributing pixels.
med: median resampling, selects the median value of all non-NO-
DATA contributing pixels.
q1: first quartile resampling, selects the first quartile value
of all non-NODATA contributing pixels.
q3: third quartile resampling, selects the third quartile value
of all non-NODATA contributing pixels.
sum: compute the weighted sum of all non-NODATA contributing
pixels (since GDAL 3.1)
-srcnodata <value [value...]>
Set nodata masking values for input bands (different values can
be supplied for each band). If more than one value is supplied
all values should be quoted to keep them together as a single
operating system argument. Masked values will not be used in
interpolation. Use a value of None to ignore intrinsic nodata
settings on the source dataset.
When this option is set to a non-None value, it causes the UNI-
FIED_SRC_NODATA warping option (see GDALWarpOptions::papszWar-
pOptions) to be set to YES, if it is not explicitly set.
If -srcnodata is not explicitly set, but the source dataset has
nodata values, they will be taken into account, with UNI-
FIED_SRC_NODATA at PARTIAL by default.
-dstnodata <value [value...]>
Set nodata values for output bands (different values can be sup-
plied for each band). If more than one value is supplied all
values should be quoted to keep them together as a single oper-
ating system argument. New files will be initialized to this
value and if possible the nodata value will be recorded in the
output file. Use a value of None to ensure that nodata is not
defined. If this argument is not used then nodata values will
be copied from the source dataset.
-srcalpha
Force the last band of a source image to be considered as a
source alpha band.
-nosrcalpha
Prevent the alpha band of a source image to be considered as
such (it will be warped as a regular band)
New in version 2.2.
-dstalpha
Create an output alpha band to identify nodata (unset/transpar-
ent) pixels.
-wm <memory_in_mb>
Set the amount of memory that the warp API is allowed to use for
caching. The value is interpreted as being in megabytes if the
value is less than 10000. For values >=10000, this is inter-
preted as bytes.
-multi Use multithreaded warping implementation. Two threads will be
used to process chunks of image and perform input/output opera-
tion simultaneously. Note that computation is not multithreaded
itself. To do that, you can use the -wo NUM_THREADS=val/ALL_CPUS
option, which can be combined with -multi
-q Be quiet.
-if <format>
Format/driver name to be attempted to open the input file(s). It
is generally not necessary to specify it, but it can be used to
skip automatic driver detection, when it fails to select the ap-
propriate driver. This option can be repeated several times to
specify several candidate drivers.
New in version 3.2.
-of <format>
Select the output format. Starting with GDAL 2.3, if not speci-
fied, the format is guessed from the extension (previously was
GTiff). Use the short format name.
-co <NAME=VALUE>
Many formats have one or more optional creation options that can
be used to control particulars about the file created. For in-
stance, the GeoTIFF driver supports creation options to control
compression, and whether the file should be tiled.
The creation options available vary by format driver, and some
simple formats have no creation options at all. A list of op-
tions supported for a format can be listed with the --formats
command line option but the documentation for the format is the
definitive source of information on driver creation options.
See raster_drivers format specific documentation for legal cre-
ation options for each format.
-cutline <datasource>
Enable use of a blend cutline from the name OGR support data-
source.
-cl <layername>
Select the named layer from the cutline datasource.
-cwhere <expression>
Restrict desired cutline features based on attribute query.
-csql <query>
Select cutline features using an SQL query instead of from a
layer with -cl.
-cblend <distance>
Set a blend distance to use to blend over cutlines (in pixels).
-crop_to_cutline
Crop the extent of the target dataset to the extent of the cut-
line.
-overwrite
Overwrite the target dataset if it already exists.
-nomd Do not copy metadata. Without this option, dataset and band
metadata (as well as some band information) will be copied from
the first source dataset. Items that differ between source
datasets will be set to * (see -cvmd option).
-cvmd <meta_conflict_value>
Value to set metadata items that conflict between source
datasets (default is "*"). Use "" to remove conflicting items.
-setci Set the color interpretation of the bands of the target dataset
from the source dataset.
-oo <NAME=VALUE>
Dataset open option (format specific)
-doo <NAME=VALUE>
Output dataset open option (format specific)
New in version 2.1.
<srcfile>
The source file name(s).
<dstfile>
The destination file name.
Mosaicing into an existing output file is supported if the output file
already exists. The spatial extent of the existing file will not be
modified to accommodate new data, so you may have to remove it in that
case, or use the -overwrite option.
Polygon cutlines may be used as a mask to restrict the area of the des-
tination file that may be updated, including blending. If the OGR
layer containing the cutline features has no explicit SRS, the cutline
features must be in the SRS of the destination file. When writing to a
not yet existing target dataset, its extent will be the one of the
original raster unless -te or -crop_to_cutline are specified.
Starting with GDAL 3.1, it is possible to use as output format a driver
that only supports the CreateCopy operation. This may internally imply
creation of a temporary file.
EXAMPLES
• Basic transformation:
gdalwarp -t_srs EPSG:4326 input.tif output.tif
• For instance, an eight bit spot scene stored in GeoTIFF with control
points mapping the corners to lat/long could be warped to a UTM pro-
jection with a command like this:
gdalwarp -t_srs '+proj=utm +zone=11 +datum=WGS84' -overwrite raw_spot.tif utm11.tif
• For instance, the second channel of an ASTER image stored in HDF with
control points mapping the corners to lat/long could be warped to a
UTM projection with a command like this:
New in version 2.2.
gdalwarp -overwrite HDF4_SDS:ASTER_L1B:"pg-PR1B0000-2002031402_100_001":2 pg-PR1B0000-2002031402_100_001_2.tif
• To apply a cutline on a un-georeferenced image and clip from pixel
(220,60) to pixel (1160,690):
gdalwarp -overwrite -to SRC_METHOD=NO_GEOTRANSFORM -to DST_METHOD=NO_GEOTRANSFORM -te 220 60 1160 690 -cutline cutline.csv in.png out.tif
where cutline.csv content is like:
id,WKT
1,"POLYGON((....))"
• To transform a DEM from geoid elevations (using EGM96) to WGS84 el-
lipsoidal heights:
New in version 2.2.
gdalwarp -overwrite in_dem.tif out_dem.tif -s_srs EPSG:4326+5773 -t_srs EPSG:4979
SEE ALSO
Wiki page discussing options and behaviours of gdalwarp
AUTHOR
Frank Warmerdam <warmerdam@pobox.com>, Silke Reimer <silke@inteva-
tion.de>
COPYRIGHT
1998-2021
Dec 27, 2021 GDALWARP(1)
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