NORMALIZE-AUDIO(1) NORMALIZE-AUDIO(1)
NAME
normalize-audio - adjusts volume levels of WAV or MP3 audio files.
SYNOPSIS
normalize-audio [ options ] [ -- ] file ...
DESCRIPTION
normalize-audio is used to adjust the volume of WAV or MP3 audio files
to a standard volume level. This is useful for things like creating
mp3 mixes, where different recording levels on different albums can
cause the volume to vary greatly from song to song.
normalize-audio operates in two phases. In the first phase, it ana-
lyzes the specified files as WAV audio files, and computes the volume
of each file. In the second phase, it applies a volume adjustment to
each file to set each file's volume to a standard level.
OPTIONS
-a, --amplitude=AMPLITUDE
Adjust the RMS volume to the target amplitude AMPLITUDE; must be
between 0.0 and 1.0. If a number suffixed by "dB" or "dBFS" is
specified, the amplitude is assumed to be in decibels from full
scale. The default is -12dBFS.
-b, --batch
Enable batch mode: see BATCH MODE, below.
-c, --compression
Deprecated. In previous versions, this enabled the limiter, but
now the limiter is enabled by default.
--clipping
Disable the limiter, and just clip any samples that are too
large. Same effect as -l 0dBFS.
--fractions
Display all values as decimal fractions instead of in decibels.
By default, volume adjustments are shown in decibels, and volume
levels in dBFS, where 0 dBFS is the level of a square wave of
maximum amplitude.
-g, --gain=GAIN
Skip the volume computation phase: don't compute the volume ad-
justment from the current volumes of the files. Instead, just
apply the given gain as a volume adjustment to all files. As a
plain number this is just a multiplier applied to all samples,
If a number suffixed by "dB" is specified, all volumes are ad-
justed by that many decibels.
--id3-compat
Use this option when adjusting MPEG audio files if your MP3
player does not recognize ID3v2.4 tags. See MPEG AUDIO ADJUST-
MENT, below, for details.
--id3-unsync
Use this option when adjusting MPEG audio files if your MP3
player does not recognize ID3v2 tags and has trouble playing
some ID3v2 tagged MP3 files. See MPEG AUDIO ADJUSTMENT, below,
for details.
-l, --limiter=LEVEL
This controls the behavior of the limiter. By default, all sam-
ples above -6dBFS (0.5) are limited, but this option sets the
limiting level to LEVEL. Setting LEVEL to 1 (or 0dBFS) does no
limiting (clipping is done instead); setting LEVEL to 0 does
limiting on all samples. The default value is recommended un-
less you know what you're doing.
-m, --mix
Enable mix mode: see MIX MODE, below. Batch mode and mix mode
are mutually exclusive.
-n, --no-adjust
Compute and output the volume adjustment that would set the vol-
ume to the target, but don't apply it to any of the files (i.e.
skip the second phase). If you use this option, your files will
not be altered in any way.
--no-progress
Don't print any progress information. All other messages are
printed as normal according to the verbosity level.
--peak Adjust using peak levels instead of RMS levels. Each file will
be adjusted so that its maximum sample is at full scale. This
just gives a file the maximum volume possible without clipping;
no normalization is done.
-q, --quiet
Don't output progress information. Only error messages are
printed.
-t, --average-threshold=THRESHOLD
When averaging volume levels for batch mode or mix mode, throw
out any volumes that are more than THRESHOLD decibels from the
average. A high value here (say, 50) will make sure that the
volumes of all files are considered in the average.
-T, --adjust-threshold=THRESHOLD
If an adjustment to be made to a file is smaller than THRESHOLD
decibels, consider the file already normalized and don't do the
adjustment. This is 0.125 by default, or 0 if the -g option is
given.
-v, --verbose
Increase verbosity. This option can be repeated for more mes-
sages.
-w, --output-bitwidth
Force output files to have samples that are W bits wide. This
option is ignored when adjusting MP3 files.
-h, --help
Display usage information and exit.
-V, --version
Print version information and exit.
-- Terminate option list.
MIX MODE
This mode is made especially for making mixed CD's and the like. You
want every song on the mix to be the same volume, but it doesn't matter
if they are the same volume as the songs on some other mix you made
last week. In mix mode, average level of all the files is computed,
and each file is separately normalized to this average volume.
BATCH MODE
When operating on a group of unrelated files, you usually want all of
them at the same level, and this is the default behavior. However, a
group of music files all from the same album is generally meant to be
listened to at the relative volumes they were recorded at. In batch
mode, all the specified files are considered to be part of a single al-
bum and their relative volumes are preserved. This is done by averag-
ing the volumes of all the files, computing a single adjustment from
that, and applying the same adjustment to all the files. Some analysis
is also done so that files with volumes that appear to be statistical
aberrations are not considered in the average. This is useful if you
have albums (like many of the author's) in which there is one "quiet
song" that throws off the average.
MPEG AUDIO ADJUSTMENT
MP3 files are "adjusted" by setting a relative volume adjustment frame
in their ID3 tags. There is a frame for this, called "RVA2", that does
exactly what we want, and is a native frame in ID3v2.4. Unfortunately,
many MP3 players do not support v2.4 tags, and the RVA2 tag is not na-
tive in previous ID3 versions. In fact, adding an RVA2 frame to a v2.3
tag confuses some MP3 players. Therefore, we are left with two choices
when trying to add volume adjustment information to an ID3 tag:
1. Go ahead and upgrade the tag to version 2.4, and use RVA2 tags.
This is the default behavior, in the hope that eventually MP3 play-
ers will support v2.4 tags and this won't be a problem anymore.
2. Upgrade the tag to only version 2.3. Instead of RVA2, use an "XRVA"
tag with the same format as an RVA2 tag. This isn't a native frame,
but since it starts with an "X", it's considered experimental and
therefore legal, according to the ID3 spec. The --id3-compat option
turns on this behavior. The disadvantage of the first method is
that your MP3 player may no longer read the ID3 tags on your files.
Bug the author of your favorite MP3 player to support ID3v2.4 tags!
The disadvantage of the second method is that the XRVA frame is only
recognized by the xmms-rva plugin that is packaged with normalize. On
the other hand, I don't know of any MP3 players that recognize the RVA2
frame, either, so it may not make any difference.
The other option related to ID3 tags, --id3-unsync, is only necessary
for compatibility with old MP3 players that don't recognize ID3v2 tags
at all. If your MP3 player complains of garbage at the start of tagged
files, or is unable to play the files at all, turn this option on.
This option should never hurt, but if your MP3 player knows about ID3v2
tags, you don't need it.
CAVEATS
Note that your version of normalize-audio must be compiled with MAD li-
brary support to analyze MP3 file volume levels.
AUTHOR
Chris Vaill <chrisvaill@gmail.com>
SEE ALSO
sox(1)
14 September 2005 NORMALIZE-AUDIO(1)
Generated by dwww version 1.14 on Fri Jan 24 06:15:06 CET 2025.