B(3perl) Perl Programmers Reference Guide B(3perl)
NAME
B - The Perl Compiler Backend
SYNOPSIS
use B;
DESCRIPTION
The "B" module supplies classes which allow a Perl program to delve into
its own innards. It is the module used to implement the "backends" of
the Perl compiler. Usage of the compiler does not require knowledge of
this module: see the O module for the user-visible part. The "B" module
is of use to those who want to write new compiler backends. This
documentation assumes that the reader knows a fair amount about perl's
internals including such things as SVs, OPs and the internal symbol
table and syntax tree of a program.
OVERVIEW
The "B" module contains a set of utility functions for querying the
current state of the Perl interpreter; typically these functions return
objects from the B::SV and B::OP classes, or their derived classes.
These classes in turn define methods for querying the resulting objects
about their own internal state.
Utility Functions
The "B" module exports a variety of functions: some are simple utility
functions, others provide a Perl program with a way to get an initial
"handle" on an internal object.
Functions Returning "B::SV", "B::AV", "B::HV", and "B::CV" objects
For descriptions of the class hierarchy of these objects and the methods
that can be called on them, see below, "OVERVIEW OF CLASSES" and "SV-
RELATED CLASSES".
sv_undef
Returns the SV object corresponding to the C variable "sv_undef".
sv_yes
Returns the SV object corresponding to the C variable "sv_yes".
sv_no
Returns the SV object corresponding to the C variable "sv_no".
svref_2object(SVREF)
Takes a reference to any Perl value, and turns the referred-to value
into an object in the appropriate B::OP-derived or B::SV-derived
class. Apart from functions such as "main_root", this is the
primary way to get an initial "handle" on an internal perl data
structure which can then be followed with the other access methods.
The returned object will only be valid as long as the underlying OPs
and SVs continue to exist. Do not attempt to use the object after
the underlying structures are freed.
amagic_generation
Returns the SV object corresponding to the C variable
"amagic_generation". As of Perl 5.18, this is just an alias to
"PL_na", so its value is meaningless.
init_av
Returns the AV object (i.e. in class B::AV) representing INIT
blocks.
check_av
Returns the AV object (i.e. in class B::AV) representing CHECK
blocks.
unitcheck_av
Returns the AV object (i.e. in class B::AV) representing UNITCHECK
blocks.
begin_av
Returns the AV object (i.e. in class B::AV) representing BEGIN
blocks.
end_av
Returns the AV object (i.e. in class B::AV) representing END blocks.
comppadlist
Returns the PADLIST object (i.e. in class B::PADLIST) of the global
comppadlist. In Perl 5.16 and earlier it returns an AV object
(class B::AV).
regex_padav
Only when perl was compiled with ithreads.
main_cv
Return the (faked) CV corresponding to the main part of the Perl
program.
Functions for Examining the Symbol Table
walksymtable(SYMREF, METHOD, RECURSE, PREFIX)
Walk the symbol table starting at SYMREF and call METHOD on each
symbol (a B::GV object) visited. When the walk reaches package
symbols (such as "Foo::") it invokes RECURSE, passing in the symbol
name, and only recurses into the package if that sub returns true.
PREFIX is the name of the SYMREF you're walking.
For example:
# Walk CGI's symbol table calling print_subs on each symbol.
# Recurse only into CGI::Util::
walksymtable(\%CGI::, 'print_subs',
sub { $_[0] eq 'CGI::Util::' }, 'CGI::');
print_subs() is a B::GV method you have declared. Also see "B::GV
Methods", below.
Functions Returning "B::OP" objects or for walking op trees
For descriptions of the class hierarchy of these objects and the methods
that can be called on them, see below, "OVERVIEW OF CLASSES" and "OP-
RELATED CLASSES".
main_root
Returns the root op (i.e. an object in the appropriate B::OP-derived
class) of the main part of the Perl program.
main_start
Returns the starting op of the main part of the Perl program.
walkoptree(OP, METHOD)
Does a tree-walk of the syntax tree based at OP and calls METHOD on
each op it visits. Each node is visited before its children. If
"walkoptree_debug" (see below) has been called to turn debugging on
then the method "walkoptree_debug" is called on each op before
METHOD is called.
walkoptree_debug(DEBUG)
Returns the current debugging flag for "walkoptree". If the
optional DEBUG argument is non-zero, it sets the debugging flag to
that. See the description of "walkoptree" above for what the
debugging flag does.
Miscellaneous Utility Functions
ppname(OPNUM)
Return the PP function name (e.g. "pp_add") of op number OPNUM.
hash(STR)
Returns a string in the form "0x..." representing the value of the
internal hash function used by perl on string STR.
cast_I32(I)
Casts I to the internal I32 type used by that perl.
minus_c
Does the equivalent of the "-c" command-line option. Obviously,
this is only useful in a BEGIN block or else the flag is set too
late.
cstring(STR)
Returns a double-quote-surrounded escaped version of STR which can
be used as a string in C source code.
perlstring(STR)
Returns a double-quote-surrounded escaped version of STR which can
be used as a string in Perl source code.
safename(STR)
This function returns the string with the first character modified
if it is a control character. It converts it to ^X format first, so
that "\cG" becomes "^G". This is used internally by
B::GV::SAFENAME, but you can call it directly.
class(OBJ)
Returns the class of an object without the part of the classname
preceding the first "::". This is used to turn "B::UNOP" into
"UNOP" for example.
threadsv_names
This used to provide support for the old 5.005 threading module. It
now does nothing.
Exported utility variables
@optype
my $op_type = $optype[$op_type_num];
A simple mapping of the op type number to its type (like 'COP' or
'BINOP').
@specialsv_name
my $sv_name = $specialsv_name[$sv_index];
Certain SV types are considered 'special'. They're represented by
B::SPECIAL and are referred to by a number from the specialsv_list.
This array maps that number back to the name of the SV (like
'Nullsv' or '&PL_sv_undef').
OVERVIEW OF CLASSES
The C structures used by Perl's internals to hold SV and OP information
(PVIV, AV, HV, ..., OP, SVOP, UNOP, ...) are modelled on a class
hierarchy and the "B" module gives access to them via a true object
hierarchy. Structure fields which point to other objects (whether types
of SV or types of OP) are represented by the "B" module as Perl objects
of the appropriate class.
The bulk of the "B" module is the methods for accessing fields of these
structures.
Note that all access is read-only. You cannot modify the internals by
using this module. Also, note that the B::OP and B::SV objects created
by this module are only valid for as long as the underlying objects
exist; their creation doesn't increase the reference counts of the
underlying objects. Trying to access the fields of a freed object will
give incomprehensible results, or worse.
SV-RELATED CLASSES
B::IV, B::NV, B::PV, B::PVIV, B::PVNV, B::PVMG, B::PVLV, B::AV, B::HV,
B::CV, B::GV, B::FM, B::IO. These classes correspond in the obvious way
to the underlying C structures of similar names. The inheritance
hierarchy mimics the underlying C "inheritance":
B::SV
|
+------------+------------+
| | |
B::PV B::IV B::NV
/ \ / /
/ \ / /
B::INVLIST B::PVIV /
\ /
\ /
\ /
B::PVNV
|
|
B::PVMG
|
+-------+-------+---+---+-------+-------+
| | | | | |
B::AV B::GV B::HV B::CV B::IO B::REGEXP
| |
| |
B::PVLV B::FM
Access methods correspond to the underlying C macros for field access,
usually with the leading "class indication" prefix removed (Sv, Av, Hv,
...). The leading prefix is only left in cases where its removal would
cause a clash in method name. For example, "GvREFCNT" stays as-is since
its abbreviation would clash with the "superclass" method "REFCNT"
(corresponding to the C function "SvREFCNT").
B::SV Methods
REFCNT
FLAGS
IsBOOL
Returns true if the SV is a boolean (true or false). You can then
use "TRUE" to check if the value is true or false.
my $something = ( 1 == 1 ) # boolean true
|| ( 1 == 0 ) # boolean false
|| 42 # IV true
|| 0; # IV false
my $sv = B::svref_2object(\$something);
say q[Not a boolean value]
if ! $sv->IsBOOL;
say q[This is a boolean with value: true]
if $sv->IsBOOL && $sv->TRUE_nomg;
say q[This is a boolean with value: false]
if $sv->IsBOOL && ! $sv->TRUE_nomg;
object_2svref
Returns a reference to the regular scalar corresponding to this
B::SV object. In other words, this method is the inverse operation
to the svref_2object() subroutine. This scalar and other data it
points at should be considered read-only: modifying them is neither
safe nor guaranteed to have a sensible effect.
TRUE
Returns a boolean indicating hether Perl would evaluate the SV as
true or false.
Warning this call performs 'get' magic. If you only want to check
the nature of this SV use "TRUE_nomg" helper.
This is an alias for SvTRUE($sv).
TRUE_nomg
Check if the value is true (do not perform 'get' magic). Returns a
boolean indicating whether Perl would evaluate the SV as true or
false.
This is an alias for SvTRUE_nomg($sv).
B::IV Methods
IV Returns the value of the IV, interpreted as a signed integer. This
will be misleading if "FLAGS & SVf_IVisUV". Perhaps you want the
"int_value" method instead?
IVX
UVX
int_value
This method returns the value of the IV as an integer. It differs
from "IV" in that it returns the correct value regardless of whether
it's stored signed or unsigned.
needs64bits
packiv
B::NV Methods
NV
NVX
COP_SEQ_RANGE_LOW
COP_SEQ_RANGE_HIGH
These last two are only valid for pad name SVs. They only existed
in the B::NV class before Perl 5.22. In 5.22 they were moved to the
B::PADNAME class.
B::RV Methods
RV
B::PV Methods
PV This method is the one you usually want. It constructs a string
using the length and offset information in the struct: for ordinary
scalars it will return the string that you'd see from Perl, even if
it contains null characters.
RV Same as B::RV::RV, except that it will die() if the PV isn't a
reference.
PVX This method is less often useful. It assumes that the string stored
in the struct is null-terminated, and disregards the length
information.
It is the appropriate method to use if you need to get the name of a
lexical variable from a padname array. Lexical variable names are
always stored with a null terminator, and the length field (CUR) is
overloaded for other purposes and can't be relied on here.
CUR This method returns the internal length field, which consists of the
number of internal bytes, not necessarily the number of logical
characters.
LEN This method returns the number of bytes allocated (via malloc) for
storing the string. This is 0 if the scalar does not "own" the
string.
B::PVMG Methods
MAGIC
SvSTASH
B::MAGIC Methods
MOREMAGIC
precomp
Only valid on r-magic, returns the string that generated the regexp.
PRIVATE
TYPE
FLAGS
OBJ Will die() if called on r-magic.
PTR
REGEX
Only valid on r-magic, returns the integer value of the REGEX stored
in the MAGIC.
B::INVLIST Methods
prev_index
Returns the cache result of previous invlist_search() (internal
usage)
is_offset
Returns a boolean value (0 or 1) to know if the invlist is using an
offset. When false the list begins with the code point U+0000.
When true the list begins with the following elements.
array_len
Returns an integer with the size of the array used to define the
invlist.
get_invlist_array
This method returns a list of integers representing the array used
by the invlist. Note: this cannot be used while in middle of
iterating on an invlist and croaks.
B::PVLV Methods
TARGOFF
TARGLEN
TYPE
TARG
B::BM Methods
USEFUL
PREVIOUS
RARE
TABLE
B::REGEXP Methods
REGEX
precomp
qr_anoncv
compflags
The last two were added in Perl 5.22.
B::GV Methods
is_empty
This method returns TRUE if the GP field of the GV is NULL.
NAME
SAFENAME
This method returns the name of the glob, but if the first character
of the name is a control character, then it converts it to ^X first,
so that *^G would return "^G" rather than "\cG".
It's useful if you want to print out the name of a variable. If you
restrict yourself to globs which exist at compile-time then the
result ought to be unambiguous, because code like "${"^G"} = 1" is
compiled as two ops - a constant string and a dereference (rv2gv) -
so that the glob is created at runtime.
If you're working with globs at runtime, and need to disambiguate
*^G from *{"^G"}, then you should use the raw NAME method.
STASH
SV
IO
FORM
AV
HV
EGV
CV
CVGEN
LINE
FILE
FILEGV
GvREFCNT
FLAGS
GPFLAGS
This last one is present only in perl 5.22.0 and higher.
B::IO Methods
B::IO objects derive from IO objects and you will get more information
from the IO object itself.
For example:
$gvio = B::svref_2object(\*main::stdin)->IO;
$IO = $gvio->object_2svref();
$fd = $IO->fileno();
LINES
PAGE
PAGE_LEN
LINES_LEFT
TOP_NAME
TOP_GV
FMT_NAME
FMT_GV
BOTTOM_NAME
BOTTOM_GV
SUBPROCESS
IoTYPE
A character symbolizing the type of IO Handle.
- STDIN/OUT
I STDIN/OUT/ERR
< read-only
> write-only
a append
+ read and write
s socket
| pipe
I IMPLICIT
# NUMERIC
space closed handle
\0 closed internal handle
IoFLAGS
IsSTD
Takes one argument ( 'stdin' | 'stdout' | 'stderr' ) and returns
true if the IoIFP of the object is equal to the handle whose name
was passed as argument; i.e., $io->IsSTD('stderr') is true if
IoIFP($io) == PerlIO_stderr().
B::AV Methods
FILL
MAX
ARRAY
ARRAYelt
Like "ARRAY", but takes an index as an argument to get only one
element, rather than a list of all of them.
B::CV Methods
STASH
START
ROOT
GV
FILE
DEPTH
PADLIST
Returns a B::PADLIST object.
OUTSIDE
OUTSIDE_SEQ
XSUB
XSUBANY
For constant subroutines, returns the constant SV returned by the
subroutine.
CvFLAGS
const_sv
NAME_HEK
Returns the name of a lexical sub, otherwise "undef".
B::HV Methods
FILL
MAX
KEYS
RITER
NAME
ARRAY
OP-RELATED CLASSES
"B::OP", "B::UNOP", "B::UNOP_AUX", "B::BINOP", "B::LOGOP", "B::LISTOP",
"B::PMOP", "B::SVOP", "B::PADOP", "B::PVOP", "B::LOOP", "B::COP",
"B::METHOP".
These classes correspond in the obvious way to the underlying C
structures of similar names. The inheritance hierarchy mimics the
underlying C "inheritance":
B::OP
|
+----------+---------+--------+-------+---------+
| | | | | |
B::UNOP B::SVOP B::PADOP B::COP B::PVOP B::METHOP
|
+---+---+---------+
| | |
B::BINOP B::LOGOP B::UNOP_AUX
|
|
B::LISTOP
|
+---+---+
| |
B::LOOP B::PMOP
Access methods correspond to the underlying C structure field names,
with the leading "class indication" prefix ("op_") removed.
B::OP Methods
These methods get the values of similarly named fields within the OP
data structure. See top of "op.h" for more info.
next
sibling
parent
Returns the OP's parent. If it has no parent, or if your perl wasn't
built with "-DPERL_OP_PARENT", returns NULL.
Note that the global variable $B::OP::does_parent is undefined on
older perls that don't support the "parent" method, is defined but
false on perls that support the method but were built without
"-DPERL_OP_PARENT", and is true otherwise.
name
This returns the op name as a string (e.g. "add", "rv2av").
ppaddr
This returns the function name as a string (e.g.
"PL_ppaddr[OP_ADD]", "PL_ppaddr[OP_RV2AV]").
desc
This returns the op description from the global C PL_op_desc array
(e.g. "addition" "array deref").
targ
type
opt
flags
private
spare
B::UNOP Method
first
B::UNOP_AUX Methods (since 5.22)
aux_list(cv)
This returns a list of the elements of the op's aux data structure,
or a null list if there is no aux. What will be returned depends on
the object's type, but will typically be a collection of "B::IV",
"B::GV", etc. objects. "cv" is the "B::CV" object representing the
sub that the op is contained within.
string(cv)
This returns a textual representation of the object (likely to b
useful for deparsing and debugging), or an empty string if the op
type doesn't support this. "cv" is the "B::CV" object representing
the sub that the op is contained within.
B::BINOP Method
last
B::LOGOP Method
other
B::LISTOP Method
children
B::PMOP Methods
pmreplroot
pmreplstart
pmflags
precomp
pmoffset
Only when perl was compiled with ithreads.
code_list
Since perl 5.17.1
pmregexp
Added in perl 5.22, this method returns the B::REGEXP associated
with the op. While PMOPs do not actually have "pmregexp" fields
under threaded builds, this method returns the regexp under threads
nonetheless, for convenience.
B::SVOP Methods
sv
gv
B::PADOP Method
padix
B::PVOP Method
pv
B::LOOP Methods
redoop
nextop
lastop
B::COP Methods
The "B::COP" class is used for "nextstate" and "dbstate" ops. As of
Perl 5.22, it is also used for "null" ops that started out as COPs.
label
stash
stashpv
stashoff (threaded only)
file
cop_seq
line
warnings
io
hints
hints_hash
B::METHOP Methods (Since Perl 5.22)
first
meth_sv
PAD-RELATED CLASSES
Perl 5.18 introduced a new class, B::PADLIST, returned by B::CV's
"PADLIST" method.
Perl 5.22 introduced the B::PADNAMELIST and B::PADNAME classes.
B::PADLIST Methods
MAX
ARRAY
A list of pads. The first one is a B::PADNAMELIST containing the
names. The rest are currently B::AV objects, but that could change
in future versions.
ARRAYelt
Like "ARRAY", but takes an index as an argument to get only one
element, rather than a list of all of them.
NAMES
This method, introduced in 5.22, returns the B::PADNAMELIST. It is
equivalent to "ARRAYelt" with a 0 argument.
REFCNT
id This method, introduced in 5.22, returns an ID shared by clones of
the same padlist.
outid
This method, also added in 5.22, returns the ID of the outer
padlist.
B::PADNAMELIST Methods
MAX
ARRAY
ARRAYelt
These two methods return the pad names, using B::SPECIAL objects for
null pointers and B::PADNAME objects otherwise.
REFCNT
B::PADNAME Methods
PV
PVX
LEN
REFCNT
GEN
FLAGS
For backward-compatibility, if the PADNAMEt_OUTER flag is set, the
FLAGS method adds the SVf_FAKE flag, too.
TYPE
A B::HV object representing the stash for a typed lexical.
SvSTASH
A backward-compatibility alias for TYPE.
OURSTASH
A B::HV object representing the stash for 'our' variables.
PROTOCV
The prototype CV for a 'my' sub.
COP_SEQ_RANGE_LOW
COP_SEQ_RANGE_HIGH
Sequence numbers representing the scope within which a lexical is
visible. Meaningless if PADNAMEt_OUTER is set.
PARENT_PAD_INDEX
Only meaningful if PADNAMEt_OUTER is set.
PARENT_FAKELEX_FLAGS
Only meaningful if PADNAMEt_OUTER is set.
IsUndef
Returns a boolean value to check if the padname is PL_padname_undef.
$B::overlay
Although the optree is read-only, there is an overlay facility that
allows you to override what values the various B::*OP methods return for
a particular op. $B::overlay should be set to reference a two-deep hash:
indexed by OP address, then method name. Whenever a an op method is
called, the value in the hash is returned if it exists. This facility is
used by B::Deparse to "undo" some optimisations. For example:
local $B::overlay = {};
...
if ($op->name eq "foo") {
$B::overlay->{$$op} = {
name => 'bar',
next => $op->next->next,
};
}
...
$op->name # returns "bar"
$op->next # returns the next op but one
AUTHOR
Malcolm Beattie, "mbeattie@sable.ox.ac.uk"
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