I18N::Langinfo(3perl) Perl Programmers Reference Guide I18N::Langinfo(3perl)
NAME
I18N::Langinfo - query locale information
SYNOPSIS
use I18N::Langinfo;
DESCRIPTION
The langinfo() function queries various locale information that can be
used to localize output and user interfaces. It uses the current
underlying locale, regardless of whether or not it was called from
within the scope of "use locale". The langinfo() function requires one
numeric argument that identifies the locale constant to query: if no
argument is supplied, $_ is used. The numeric constants appropriate to
be used as arguments are exportable from I18N::Langinfo.
The following example will import the langinfo() function itself and
three constants to be used as arguments to langinfo(): a constant for
the abbreviated first day of the week (the numbering starts from Sunday
= 1) and two more constants for the affirmative and negative answers for
a yes/no question in the current locale.
use I18N::Langinfo qw(langinfo ABDAY_1 YESSTR NOSTR);
my ($abday_1, $yesstr, $nostr) =
map { langinfo($_) } (ABDAY_1, YESSTR, NOSTR);
print "$abday_1? [$yesstr/$nostr] ";
In other words, in the "C" (or English) locale the above will probably
print something like:
Sun? [yes/no]
but under a French locale
dim? [oui/non]
The usually available constants are as follows.
• For abbreviated and full length days of the week and months of the
year:
ABDAY_1 ABDAY_2 ABDAY_3 ABDAY_4 ABDAY_5 ABDAY_6 ABDAY_7
ABMON_1 ABMON_2 ABMON_3 ABMON_4 ABMON_5 ABMON_6
ABMON_7 ABMON_8 ABMON_9 ABMON_10 ABMON_11 ABMON_12
DAY_1 DAY_2 DAY_3 DAY_4 DAY_5 DAY_6 DAY_7
MON_1 MON_2 MON_3 MON_4 MON_5 MON_6
MON_7 MON_8 MON_9 MON_10 MON_11 MON_12
• For the date-time, date, and time formats used by the strftime()
function (see POSIX):
D_T_FMT D_FMT T_FMT
• For the locales for which it makes sense to have ante meridiem and
post meridiem time formats:
AM_STR PM_STR T_FMT_AMPM
• For the character code set being used (such as "ISO8859-1", "cp850",
"koi8-r", "sjis", "utf8", etc.):
CODESET
• For the symbol or string of characters that indicates a number is a
monetary value:
CRNCYSTR
An example is the dollar sign "$". Some locales not associated with
particular locations may have an empty currency string. (The C
locale is one.) Otherwise, the return of this is always prefixed by
one of these three characters:
"-" indicates that in this locale, the string precedes the numeric
value, as in a U.S. locale: "$9.95".
"+" indicates that in this locale, the string follows the numeric
value, like "9.95USD".
"." indicates that in this locale, the string replaces the radix
character, like "9$95".
• For the radix character used between the integer and the fractional
part of decimal numbers, and the group separator string for large-
ish floating point numbers (yes, these are redundant with
POSIX::localeconv()):
RADIXCHAR THOUSEP
• For any alternate digits used in this locale besides the standard
0..9:
ALT_DIGITS
This returns a sequence of alternate numeric reprsesentations for
the numbers 0 ... up to 99. The representations are returned in a
single string, with a semi-colon ";" used to separated the
individual ones.
Most locales don't have alternate digits, so the string will be
empty.
To access this data conveniently, you could do something like
use I18N::Langinfo qw(langinfo ALT_DIGITS);
my @alt_digits = split ';', langinfo(ALT_DIGITS);
The array @alt_digits will contain 0 elements if the current locale
doesn't have alternate digits specified for it. Otherwise, it will
have as many elements as the locale defines, with "[0]" containing
the alternate digit for zero; "[1]" for one; and so forth, up to
potentially "[99]" for the alternate representation of ninety-nine.
Be aware that the alternate representation in some locales for the
numbers 0..9 will have a leading alternate-zero, so would look like
the equivalent of 00..09.
Running this program
use I18N::Langinfo qw(langinfo ALT_DIGITS);
my @alt_digits = split ';', langinfo(ALT_DIGITS);
splice @alt_digits, 15;
print join " ", @alt_digits, "\n";
on a Japanese locale yields
"〇 一 二 三 四 五 六 七 八 九 十 十一 十二 十三 十四"
on some platforms.
• For the affirmative and negative responses and expressions:
YESSTR YESEXPR NOSTR NOEXPR
• For the eras based on typically some ruler, such as the Japanese
Emperor (naturally only defined in the appropriate locales):
ERA ERA_D_FMT ERA_D_T_FMT ERA_T_FMT
In addition, Linux boxes have extra items, as follows. (When called
from other platform types, these return a stub value, of not much use.)
"_NL_ADDRESS_POSTAL_FMT"
"_NL_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_NAME"
"_NL_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_POST"
"_NL_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_AB2"
"_NL_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_AB3"
"_NL_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_CAR"
"_NL_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_NUM"
"_NL_ADDRESS_COUNTRY_ISBN"
"_NL_ADDRESS_LANG_NAME"
"_NL_ADDRESS_LANG_AB"
"_NL_ADDRESS_LANG_TERM"
"_NL_ADDRESS_LANG_LIB"
On Linux boxes, these return information about the country for the
current locale. Further information is found in langinfo.h
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_TITLE"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_SOURCE"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_ADDRESS"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_CONTACT"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_EMAIL"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_TEL"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_FAX"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_LANGUAGE"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_TERRITORY"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_AUDIENCE"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_APPLICATION"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_ABBREVIATION"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_REVISION"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_DATE"
"_NL_IDENTIFICATION_CATEGORY"
On Linux boxes, these return meta information about the current
locale, such as how to get in touch with its maintainers. Further
information is found in langinfo.h
"_NL_MEASUREMENT_MEASUREMENT"
On Linux boxes, it returns 1 if the metric system of measurement
prevails in the locale; or 2 if US customary units prevail.
"_NL_NAME_NAME_FMT"
"_NL_NAME_NAME_GEN"
"_NL_NAME_NAME_MR"
"_NL_NAME_NAME_MRS"
"_NL_NAME_NAME_MISS"
"_NL_NAME_NAME_MS"
On Linux boxes, these return information about how names are
formatted and the personal salutations used in the current locale.
Further information is found in locale(7) and langinfo.h
"_NL_PAPER_HEIGHT"
"_NL_PAPER_WIDTH"
On Linux boxes, these return the standard size of sheets of paper
(in millimeters) in the current locale.
"_NL_TELEPHONE_TEL_INT_FMT"
"_NL_TELEPHONE_TEL_DOM_FMT"
"_NL_TELEPHONE_INT_SELECT"
"_NL_TELEPHONE_INT_PREFIX"
On Linux boxes, these return information about how telephone numbers
are formatted (both domestically and international calling) in the
current locale. Further information is found in langinfo.h
For systems without "nl_langinfo"
This module originally was just a wrapper for the libc "nl_langinfo"
function, and did not work on systems lacking it, such as Windows.
Starting in Perl 5.28, this module works on all platforms. When
"nl_langinfo" is not available, it uses various methods to construct
what that function, if present, would return. But there are potential
glitches. These are the items that could be different:
"ERA"
Unimplemented, so returns "".
"CODESET"
This should work properly for Windows platforms. On almost all
other modern platforms, it will reliably return "UTF-8" if that is
the code set. Otherwise, it depends on the locale's name. If that
is of the form "foo.bar", it will assume "bar" is the code set; and
it also knows about the two locales "C" and "POSIX". If none of
those apply it returns "".
"YESEXPR"
"YESSTR"
"NOEXPR"
"NOSTR"
Only the values for English are returned. "YESSTR" and "NOSTR" have
been removed from POSIX 2008, and are retained here for backwards
compatibility. Your platform's "nl_langinfo" may not support them.
"ALT_DIGITS"
On systems with a strftime(3) that recognizes the POSIX-defined %O
format modifier (not Windows), perl tries hard to return these. The
result likely will go as high as what nl_langinfo() would return,
but not necessarily; and the numbers from 0..9 will always be
stripped of leading zeros.
Without %O, an empty string is always returned.
"D_FMT"
Always evaluates to %x, the locale's appropriate date
representation.
"T_FMT"
Always evaluates to %X, the locale's appropriate time
representation.
"D_T_FMT"
Always evaluates to %c, the locale's appropriate date and time
representation.
"CRNCYSTR"
The return may be incorrect for those rare locales where the
currency symbol replaces the radix character. If you have examples
of it needing to work differently, please file a report at
<https://github.com/Perl/perl5/issues>.
"ERA_D_FMT"
"ERA_T_FMT"
"ERA_D_T_FMT"
"T_FMT_AMPM"
These are derived by using strftime(), and not all versions of that
function know about them. "" is returned for these on such systems.
All "_NL_foo" items
These return the same values as they do on boxes that don't have the
appropriate underlying locale categories.
See your nl_langinfo(3) for more information about the available
constants. (Often this means having to look directly at the langinfo.h
C header file.)
EXPORT
By default only the langinfo() function is exported.
BUGS
Before Perl 5.28, the returned values are unreliable for the "RADIXCHAR"
and "THOUSEP" locale constants.
Starting in 5.28, changing locales on threaded builds is supported on
systems that offer thread-safe locale functions. These include POSIX
2008 systems and Windows starting with Visual Studio 2005, and this
module will work properly in such situations. However, on threaded
builds on Windows prior to Visual Studio 2015, retrieving the items
"CRNCYSTR" and "THOUSEP" can result in a race with a thread that has
converted to use the global locale. It is quite uncommon for a thread
to have done this. It would be possible to construct a workaround for
this; patches welcome: see "switch_to_global_locale" in perlapi.
SEE ALSO
perllocale, "localeconv" in POSIX, "setlocale" in POSIX, nl_langinfo(3).
AUTHOR
Jarkko Hietaniemi, <jhi@hut.fi>. Now maintained by Perl 5 porters.
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE
Copyright 2001 by Jarkko Hietaniemi
This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.40.1 2026-08-30 I18N::Langinfo(3perl)
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