PERLNEWMOD(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLNEWMOD(1)
NAME
perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution
DESCRIPTION
This document gives you some suggestions about how to go about writing
Perl modules, preparing them for distribution, and making them available
via CPAN.
One of the things that makes Perl really powerful is the fact that Perl
hackers tend to want to share the solutions to problems they've faced,
so you and I don't have to battle with the same problem again.
The main way they do this is by abstracting the solution into a Perl
module. If you don't know what one of these is, the rest of this
document isn't going to be much use to you. You're also missing out on
an awful lot of useful code; consider having a look at perlmod,
perlmodlib and perlmodinstall before coming back here.
When you've found that there isn't a module available for what you're
trying to do, and you've had to write the code yourself, consider
packaging up the solution into a module and uploading it to CPAN so that
others can benefit.
You should also take a look at perlmodstyle for best practices in making
a module.
Warning
We're going to primarily concentrate on Perl-only modules here, rather
than XS modules. XS modules serve a rather different purpose, and you
should consider different things before distributing them - the
popularity of the library you are gluing, the portability to other
operating systems, and so on. However, the notes on preparing the Perl
side of the module and packaging and distributing it will apply equally
well to an XS module as a pure-Perl one.
What should I make into a module?
You should make a module out of any code that you think is going to be
useful to others. Anything that's likely to fill a hole in the communal
library and which someone else can slot directly into their program. Any
part of your code which you can isolate and extract and plug into
something else is a likely candidate.
Let's take an example. Suppose you're reading in data from a local
format into a hash-of-hashes in Perl, turning that into a tree, walking
the tree and then piping each node to an Acme Transmogrifier Server.
Now, quite a few people have the Acme Transmogrifier, and you've had to
write something to talk the protocol from scratch - you'd almost
certainly want to make that into a module. The level at which you pitch
it is up to you: you might want protocol-level modules analogous to
Net::SMTP which then talk to higher level modules analogous to
Mail::Send. The choice is yours, but you do want to get a module out for
that server protocol.
Nobody else on the planet is going to talk your local data format, so we
can ignore that. But what about the thing in the middle? Building tree
structures from Perl variables and then traversing them is a nice,
general problem, and if nobody's already written a module that does
that, you might want to modularise that code too.
So hopefully you've now got a few ideas about what's good to modularise.
Let's now see how it's done.
Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
Before we even start scraping out the code, there are a few things we'll
want to do in advance.
Look around
Dig into a bunch of modules to see how they're written. I'd suggest
starting with Text::Tabs, since it's in the standard library and is
nice and simple, and then looking at something a little more complex
like File::Copy. For object oriented code, WWW::Mechanize or the
"Email::*" modules provide some good examples.
These should give you an overall feel for how modules are laid out
and written.
Check it's new
There are a lot of modules on CPAN, and it's easy to miss one that's
similar to what you're planning on contributing. Have a good plough
through <https://metacpan.org> and make sure you're not the one
reinventing the wheel!
Discuss the need
You might love it. You might feel that everyone else needs it. But
there might not actually be any real demand for it out there. If
you're unsure about the demand your module will have, consider asking
the "module-authors@perl.org" mailing list (send an email to
"module-authors-subscribe@perl.org" to subscribe; see
<https://lists.perl.org/list/module-authors.html> for more
information and a link to the archives).
Choose a name
Perl modules included on CPAN have a naming hierarchy you should try
to fit in with. See perlmodlib for more details on how this works,
and browse around CPAN and the modules list to get a feel of it. At
the very least, remember this: modules should be title capitalised,
(This::Thing) fit in with a category, and explain their purpose
succinctly.
Check again
While you're doing that, make really sure you haven't missed a module
similar to the one you're about to write.
When you've got your name sorted out and you're sure that your module
is wanted and not currently available, it's time to start coding.
Step-by-step: Making the module
Start with module-starter or h2xs
The module-starter utility is distributed as part of the
Module::Starter CPAN package. It creates a directory with stubs of
all the necessary files to start a new module, according to recent
"best practice" for module development, and is invoked from the
command line, thus:
module-starter --module=Foo::Bar \
--author="Your Name" --email=yourname@cpan.org
If you do not wish to install the Module::Starter package from CPAN,
h2xs is an older tool, originally intended for the development of XS
modules, which comes packaged with the Perl distribution.
A typical invocation of h2xs for a pure Perl module is:
h2xs -AX --skip-exporter --use-new-tests -n Foo::Bar
The "-A" omits the Autoloader code, "-X" omits XS elements,
"--skip-exporter" omits the Exporter code, "--use-new-tests" sets up
a modern testing environment, and "-n" specifies the name of the
module.
Use strict and warnings
A module's code has to be warning and strict-clean, since you can't
guarantee the conditions that it'll be used under. Besides, you
wouldn't want to distribute code that wasn't warning or strict-clean
anyway, right?
Use Carp
The Carp module allows you to present your error messages from the
caller's perspective; this gives you a way to signal a problem with
the caller and not your module. For instance, if you say this:
warn "No hostname given";
the user will see something like this:
No hostname given at
/usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.6.0/Net/Acme.pm line 123.
which looks like your module is doing something wrong. Instead, you
want to put the blame on the user, and say this:
No hostname given at bad_code, line 10.
You do this by using Carp and replacing your "warn"s with "carp"s. If
you need to "die", say "croak" instead. However, keep "warn" and
"die" in place for your sanity checks - where it really is your
module at fault.
Use Exporter - wisely!
Exporter gives you a standard way of exporting symbols and
subroutines from your module into the caller's namespace. For
instance, saying "use Net::Acme qw(&frob)" would import the "frob"
subroutine.
The package variable @EXPORT will determine which symbols will get
exported when the caller simply says "use Net::Acme" - you will
hardly ever want to put anything in there. @EXPORT_OK, on the other
hand, specifies which symbols you're willing to export. If you do
want to export a bunch of symbols, use the %EXPORT_TAGS and define a
standard export set - look at Exporter for more details.
Use plain old documentation
The work isn't over until the paperwork is done, and you're going to
need to put in some time writing some documentation for your module.
"module-starter" or "h2xs" will provide a stub for you to fill in; if
you're not sure about the format, look at perlpod for an
introduction. Provide a good synopsis of how your module is used in
code, a description, and then notes on the syntax and function of the
individual subroutines or methods. Use Perl comments for developer
notes and POD for end-user notes.
Write tests
You're encouraged to create self-tests for your module to ensure it's
working as intended on the myriad platforms Perl supports; if you
upload your module to CPAN, a host of testers will build your module
and send you the results of the tests. Again, "module-starter" and
"h2xs" provide a test framework which you can extend - you should do
something more than just checking your module will compile.
Test::Simple and Test::More are good places to start when writing a
test suite.
Write the README
If you're uploading to CPAN, the automated gremlins will extract the
README file and place that in your CPAN directory. It'll also appear
in the main by-module and by-category directories if you make it onto
the modules list. It's a good idea to put here what the module
actually does in detail.
Write Changes
Add any user-visible changes since the last release to your Changes
file.
Step-by-step: Distributing your module
Get a CPAN user ID
Every developer publishing modules on CPAN needs a CPAN ID. Visit
"<https://pause.perl.org/>", select "Request PAUSE Account", and wait
for your request to be approved by the PAUSE administrators.
Make the tarball
Once again, "module-starter" or "h2xs" has done all the work for you.
They produce the standard "Makefile.PL" you see when you download and
install modules, and this produces a Makefile with a "dist" target.
perl Makefile.PL && make test && make distcheck && make dist
Once you've ensured that your module passes its own tests - always a
good thing to make sure - you can "make distcheck" to make sure
everything looks OK, followed by "make dist", and the Makefile will
hopefully produce you a nice tarball of your module, ready for
upload.
Upload the tarball
The email you got when you received your CPAN ID will tell you how to
log in to PAUSE, the Perl Authors Upload SErver. From the menus
there, you can upload your module to CPAN.
Alternatively you can use the cpan-upload script, part of the
CPAN::Uploader distribution on CPAN.
Fix bugs!
Once you start accumulating users, they'll send you bug reports. If
you're lucky, they'll even send you patches. Welcome to the joys of
maintaining a software project...
AUTHOR
Simon Cozens, "simon@cpan.org"
Updated by Kirrily "Skud" Robert, "skud@cpan.org"
SEE ALSO
perlmod, perlmodlib, perlmodinstall, h2xs, strict, Carp, Exporter,
perlpod, Test::Simple, Test::More ExtUtils::MakeMaker, Module::Build,
Module::Starter <https://www.cpan.org/>
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