Thread::Queue(3perl) Perl Programmers Reference Guide Thread::Queue(3perl)
NAME
Thread::Queue - Thread-safe queues
VERSION
This document describes Thread::Queue version 3.14
SYNOPSIS
use strict;
use warnings;
use threads;
use Thread::Queue;
my $q = Thread::Queue->new(); # A new empty queue
# Worker thread
my $thr = threads->create(
sub {
# Thread will loop until no more work
while (defined(my $item = $q->dequeue())) {
# Do work on $item
...
}
}
);
# Send work to the thread
$q->enqueue($item1, ...);
# Signal that there is no more work to be sent
$q->end();
# Join up with the thread when it finishes
$thr->join();
...
# Count of items in the queue
my $left = $q->pending();
# Non-blocking dequeue
if (defined(my $item = $q->dequeue_nb())) {
# Work on $item
}
# Blocking dequeue with 5-second timeout
if (defined(my $item = $q->dequeue_timed(5))) {
# Work on $item
}
# Set a size for a queue
$q->limit = 5;
# Get the second item in the queue without dequeuing anything
my $item = $q->peek(1);
# Insert two items into the queue just behind the head
$q->insert(1, $item1, $item2);
# Extract the last two items on the queue
my ($item1, $item2) = $q->extract(-2, 2);
DESCRIPTION
This module provides thread-safe FIFO queues that can be accessed safely
by any number of threads.
Any data types supported by threads::shared can be passed via queues:
Ordinary scalars
Array refs
Hash refs
Scalar refs
Objects based on the above
Ordinary scalars are added to queues as they are.
If not already thread-shared, the other complex data types will be
cloned (recursively, if needed, and including any "bless"ings and read-
only settings) into thread-shared structures before being placed onto a
queue.
For example, the following would cause Thread::Queue to create a empty,
shared array reference via &shared([]), copy the elements 'foo', 'bar'
and 'baz' from @ary into it, and then place that shared reference onto
the queue:
my @ary = qw/foo bar baz/;
$q->enqueue(\@ary);
However, for the following, the items are already shared, so their
references are added directly to the queue, and no cloning takes place:
my @ary :shared = qw/foo bar baz/;
$q->enqueue(\@ary);
my $obj = &shared({});
$$obj{'foo'} = 'bar';
$$obj{'qux'} = 99;
bless($obj, 'My::Class');
$q->enqueue($obj);
See "LIMITATIONS" for caveats related to passing objects via queues.
QUEUE CREATION
->new()
Creates a new empty queue.
->new(LIST)
Creates a new queue pre-populated with the provided list of items.
BASIC METHODS
The following methods deal with queues on a FIFO basis.
->enqueue(LIST)
Adds a list of items onto the end of the queue.
->dequeue()
->dequeue(COUNT)
Removes the requested number of items (default is 1) from the head
of the queue, and returns them. If the queue contains fewer than
the requested number of items, then the thread will be blocked until
the requisite number of items are available (i.e., until other
threads "enqueue" more items).
->dequeue_nb()
->dequeue_nb(COUNT)
Removes the requested number of items (default is 1) from the head
of the queue, and returns them. If the queue contains fewer than
the requested number of items, then it immediately (i.e., non-
blocking) returns whatever items there are on the queue. If the
queue is empty, then "undef" is returned.
->dequeue_timed(TIMEOUT)
->dequeue_timed(TIMEOUT, COUNT)
Removes the requested number of items (default is 1) from the head
of the queue, and returns them. If the queue contains fewer than
the requested number of items, then the thread will be blocked until
the requisite number of items are available, or until the timeout is
reached. If the timeout is reached, it returns whatever items there
are on the queue, or "undef" if the queue is empty.
The timeout may be a number of seconds relative to the current time
(e.g., 5 seconds from when the call is made), or may be an absolute
timeout in epoch seconds the same as would be used with
cond_timedwait(). Fractional seconds (e.g., 2.5 seconds) are also
supported (to the extent of the underlying implementation).
If "TIMEOUT" is missing, "undef", or less than or equal to 0, then
this call behaves the same as "dequeue_nb".
->pending()
Returns the number of items still in the queue. Returns "undef" if
the queue has been ended (see below), and there are no more items in
the queue.
->limit
Sets the size of the queue. If set, calls to enqueue() will block
until the number of pending items in the queue drops below the
"limit". The "limit" does not prevent enqueuing items beyond that
count:
my $q = Thread::Queue->new(1, 2);
$q->limit = 4;
$q->enqueue(3, 4, 5); # Does not block
$q->enqueue(6); # Blocks until at least 2 items are
# dequeued
my $size = $q->limit; # Returns the current limit (may return
# 'undef')
$q->limit = 0; # Queue size is now unlimited
Calling any of the dequeue methods with "COUNT" greater than a
queue's "limit" will generate an error.
->end()
Declares that no more items will be added to the queue.
All threads blocking on dequeue() calls will be unblocked with any
remaining items in the queue and/or "undef" being returned. Any
subsequent calls to dequeue() will behave like dequeue_nb().
Once ended, no more items may be placed in the queue.
ADVANCED METHODS
The following methods can be used to manipulate items anywhere in a
queue.
To prevent the contents of a queue from being modified by another thread
while it is being examined and/or changed, lock the queue inside a local
block:
{
lock($q); # Keep other threads from changing the queue's contents
my $item = $q->peek();
if ($item ...) {
...
}
}
# Queue is now unlocked
->peek()
->peek(INDEX)
Returns an item from the queue without dequeuing anything. Defaults
to the head of queue (at index position 0) if no index is specified.
Negative index values are supported as with arrays (i.e., -1 is the
end of the queue, -2 is next to last, and so on).
If no items exists at the specified index (i.e., the queue is empty,
or the index is beyond the number of items on the queue), then
"undef" is returned.
Remember, the returned item is not removed from the queue, so
manipulating a "peek"ed at reference affects the item on the queue.
->insert(INDEX, LIST)
Adds the list of items to the queue at the specified index position
(0 is the head of the list). Any existing items at and beyond that
position are pushed back past the newly added items:
$q->enqueue(1, 2, 3, 4);
$q->insert(1, qw/foo bar/);
# Queue now contains: 1, foo, bar, 2, 3, 4
Specifying an index position greater than the number of items in the
queue just adds the list to the end.
Negative index positions are supported:
$q->enqueue(1, 2, 3, 4);
$q->insert(-2, qw/foo bar/);
# Queue now contains: 1, 2, foo, bar, 3, 4
Specifying a negative index position greater than the number of
items in the queue adds the list to the head of the queue.
->extract()
->extract(INDEX)
->extract(INDEX, COUNT)
Removes and returns the specified number of items (defaults to 1)
from the specified index position in the queue (0 is the head of the
queue). When called with no arguments, "extract" operates the same
as "dequeue_nb".
This method is non-blocking, and will return only as many items as
are available to fulfill the request:
$q->enqueue(1, 2, 3, 4);
my $item = $q->extract(2) # Returns 3
# Queue now contains: 1, 2, 4
my @items = $q->extract(1, 3) # Returns (2, 4)
# Queue now contains: 1
Specifying an index position greater than the number of items in the
queue results in "undef" or an empty list being returned.
$q->enqueue('foo');
my $nada = $q->extract(3) # Returns undef
my @nada = $q->extract(1, 3) # Returns ()
Negative index positions are supported. Specifying a negative index
position greater than the number of items in the queue may return
items from the head of the queue (similar to "dequeue_nb") if the
count overlaps the head of the queue from the specified position
(i.e. if queue size + index + count is greater than zero):
$q->enqueue(qw/foo bar baz/);
my @nada = $q->extract(-6, 2); # Returns () - (3+(-6)+2) <= 0
my @some = $q->extract(-6, 4); # Returns (foo) - (3+(-6)+4) > 0
# Queue now contains: bar, baz
my @rest = $q->extract(-3, 4); # Returns (bar, baz) -
# (2+(-3)+4) > 0
NOTES
Queues created by Thread::Queue can be used in both threaded and non-
threaded applications.
LIMITATIONS
Passing objects on queues may not work if the objects' classes do not
support sharing. See "BUGS AND LIMITATIONS" in threads::shared for
more.
Passing array/hash refs that contain objects may not work for Perl prior
to 5.10.0.
SEE ALSO
Thread::Queue on MetaCPAN: <https://metacpan.org/release/Thread-Queue>
Code repository for CPAN distribution:
<https://github.com/Dual-Life/Thread-Queue>
threads, threads::shared
Sample code in the examples directory of this distribution on CPAN.
MAINTAINER
Jerry D. Hedden, <jdhedden AT cpan DOT org>
LICENSE
This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
perl v5.40.1 2026-08-30 Thread::Queue(3perl)
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