PERLFAQ9(1) Perl Programmers Reference Guide PERLFAQ9(1)
NAME
perlfaq9 - Web, Email and Networking
VERSION
version 5.20240218
DESCRIPTION
This section deals with questions related to running web sites, sending
and receiving email as well as general networking.
Should I use a web framework?
Yes. If you are building a web site with any level of interactivity
(forms / users / databases), you will want to use a framework to make
handling requests and responses easier.
If there is no interactivity then you may still want to look at using
something like Template Toolkit <https://metacpan.org/module/Template>
or Plack::Middleware::TemplateToolkit so maintenance of your HTML files
(and other assets) is easier.
Which web framework should I use?
There is no simple answer to this question. Perl frameworks can run
everything from basic file servers and small scale intranets to massive
multinational multilingual websites that are the core to international
businesses.
Below is a list of a few frameworks with comments which might help you
in making a decision, depending on your specific requirements. Start by
reading the docs, then ask questions on the relevant mailing list or IRC
channel.
Catalyst
Strongly object-oriented and fully-featured with a long development
history and a large community and addon ecosystem. It is excellent
for large and complex applications, where you have full control over
the server.
Dancer2
Free of legacy weight, providing a lightweight and easy to learn
API. Has a growing addon ecosystem. It is best used for smaller
projects and very easy to learn for beginners.
Mojolicious
Self-contained and powerful for both small and larger projects, with
a focus on HTML5 and real-time web technologies such as WebSockets.
Web::Simple
Strongly object-oriented and minimal, built for speed and intended
as a toolkit for building micro web apps, custom frameworks or for
tieing together existing Plack-compatible web applications with one
central dispatcher.
All of these interact with or use Plack which is worth understanding the
basics of when building a website in Perl (there is a lot of useful
Plack::Middleware
<https://metacpan.org/search?q=plack%3A%3Amiddleware>).
What is Plack and PSGI?
PSGI is the Perl Web Server Gateway Interface Specification, it is a
standard that many Perl web frameworks use, you should not need to
understand it to build a web site, the part you might want to use is
Plack.
Plack is a set of tools for using the PSGI stack. It contains middleware
<https://metacpan.org/search?q=plack%3A%3Amiddleware> components, a
reference server and utilities for Web application frameworks. Plack is
like Ruby's Rack or Python's Paste for WSGI.
You could build a web site using Plack and your own code, but for
anything other than a very basic web site, using a web framework (that
uses <https://plackperl.org>) is a better option.
How do I remove HTML from a string?
Use HTML::Strip, or HTML::FormatText which not only removes HTML but
also attempts to do a little simple formatting of the resulting plain
text.
How do I extract URLs?
HTML::SimpleLinkExtor will extract URLs from HTML, it handles anchors,
images, objects, frames, and many other tags that can contain a URL. If
you need anything more complex, you can create your own subclass of
HTML::LinkExtor or HTML::Parser. You might even use
HTML::SimpleLinkExtor as an example for something specifically suited to
your needs.
You can use URI::Find or URL::Search to extract URLs from an arbitrary
text document.
How do I fetch an HTML file?
(contributed by brian d foy)
The core HTTP::Tiny module can fetch web resources and give their
content back to you as a string:
use HTTP::Tiny;
my $ua = HTTP::Tiny->new;
my $html = $ua->get( "http://www.example.com/index.html" )->{content};
It can also store the resource directly in a file:
$ua->mirror( "http://www.example.com/index.html", "foo.html" );
If you need to do something more complicated, the HTTP::Tiny object can
be customized by setting attributes, or you can use LWP::UserAgent from
the libwww-perl distribution or Mojo::UserAgent from the Mojolicious
distribution to make common tasks easier. If you want to simulate an
interactive web browser, you can use the WWW::Mechanize module.
How do I automate an HTML form submission?
If you are doing something complex, such as moving through many pages
and forms or a web site, you can use WWW::Mechanize. See its
documentation for all the details.
If you're submitting values using the GET method, create a URL and
encode the form using the "www_form_urlencode" method from HTTP::Tiny:
use HTTP::Tiny;
my $ua = HTTP::Tiny->new;
my $query = $ua->www_form_urlencode([ q => 'DB_File', lucky => 1 ]);
my $url = "https://metacpan.org/search?$query";
my $content = $ua->get($url)->{content};
If you're using the POST method, the "post_form" method will encode the
content appropriately.
use HTTP::Tiny;
my $ua = HTTP::Tiny->new;
my $url = 'https://metacpan.org/search';
my $form = [ q => 'DB_File', lucky => 1 ];
my $content = $ua->post_form($url, $form)->{content};
How do I decode or create those %-encodings on the web?
Most of the time you should not need to do this as your web framework,
or if you are making a request, the LWP or other module would handle it
for you.
To encode a string yourself, use the URI::Escape module. The
"uri_escape" function returns the escaped string:
my $original = "Colon : Hash # Percent %";
my $escaped = uri_escape( $original );
print "$escaped\n"; # 'Colon%20%3A%20Hash%20%23%20Percent%20%25'
To decode the string, use the "uri_unescape" function:
my $unescaped = uri_unescape( $escaped );
print $unescaped; # back to original
Remember not to encode a full URI, you need to escape each component
separately and then join them together.
How do I redirect to another page?
Most Perl Web Frameworks will have a mechanism for doing this, using the
Catalyst framework it would be:
$c->res->redirect($url);
$c->detach();
If you are using Plack (which most frameworks do), then
Plack::Middleware::Rewrite is worth looking at if you are migrating from
Apache or have URL's you want to always redirect.
How do I put a password on my web pages?
See if the web framework you are using has an authentication system and
if that fits your needs.
Alternativly look at Plack::Middleware::Auth::Basic, or one of the other
Plack authentication <https://metacpan.org/search?q=plack+auth> options.
How do I make sure users can't enter values into a form that causes my CGI
script to do bad things?
(contributed by brian d foy)
You can't prevent people from sending your script bad data. Even if you
add some client-side checks, people may disable them or bypass them
completely. For instance, someone might use a module such as LWP to
submit to your web site. If you want to prevent data that try to use SQL
injection or other sorts of attacks (and you should want to), you have
to not trust any data that enter your program.
The perlsec documentation has general advice about data security. If
you are using the DBI module, use placeholder to fill in data. If you
are running external programs with "system" or "exec", use the list
forms. There are many other precautions that you should take, too many
to list here, and most of them fall under the category of not using any
data that you don't intend to use. Trust no one.
How do I parse a mail header?
Use the Email::MIME module. It's well-tested and supports all the
craziness that you'll see in the real world (comment-folding whitespace,
encodings, comments, etc.).
use Email::MIME;
my $message = Email::MIME->new($rfc2822);
my $subject = $message->header('Subject');
my $from = $message->header('From');
If you've already got some other kind of email object, consider passing
it to Email::Abstract and then using its cast method to get an
Email::MIME object:
my $abstract = Email::Abstract->new($mail_message_object);
my $email_mime_object = $abstract->cast('Email::MIME');
How do I check a valid mail address?
(partly contributed by Aaron Sherman)
This isn't as simple a question as it sounds. There are two parts:
a) How do I verify that an email address is correctly formatted?
b) How do I verify that an email address targets a valid recipient?
Without sending mail to the address and seeing whether there's a human
on the other end to answer you, you cannot fully answer part b, but the
Email::Valid module will do both part a and part b as far as you can in
real-time.
Our best advice for verifying a person's mail address is to have them
enter their address twice, just as you normally do to change a password.
This usually weeds out typos. If both versions match, send mail to that
address with a personal message. If you get the message back and they've
followed your directions, you can be reasonably assured that it's real.
A related strategy that's less open to forgery is to give them a PIN
(personal ID number). Record the address and PIN (best that it be a
random one) for later processing. In the mail you send, include a link
to your site with the PIN included. If the mail bounces, you know it's
not valid. If they don't click on the link, either they forged the
address or (assuming they got the message) following through wasn't
important so you don't need to worry about it.
How do I decode a MIME/BASE64 string?
The MIME::Base64 package handles this as well as the MIME/QP encoding.
Decoding base 64 becomes as simple as:
use MIME::Base64;
my $decoded = decode_base64($encoded);
The Email::MIME module can decode base 64-encoded email message parts
transparently so the developer doesn't need to worry about it.
How do I find the user's mail address?
Ask them for it. There are so many email providers available that it's
unlikely the local system has any idea how to determine a user's email
address.
The exception is for organization-specific email (e.g.
foo@yourcompany.com) where policy can be codified in your program. In
that case, you could look at $ENV{USER}, $ENV{LOGNAME}, and getpwuid($<)
in scalar context, like so:
my $user_name = getpwuid($<)
But you still cannot make assumptions about whether this is correct,
unless your policy says it is. You really are best off asking the user.
How do I send email?
Use the Email::Stuffer module, like so:
# first, create your message
my $message = Email::Stuffer->from('you@example.com')
->to('friend@example.com')
->subject('Happy birthday!')
->text_body("Happy birthday to you!\n");
$message->send_or_die;
By default, Email::Sender::Simple (the "send" and "send_or_die" methods
use this under the hood) will try "sendmail" first, if it exists in your
$PATH. This generally isn't the case. If there's a remote mail server
you use to send mail, consider investigating one of the Transport
classes. At time of writing, the available transports include:
Email::Sender::Transport::Sendmail
This is the default. If you can use the mail(1) or mailx(1) program
to send mail from the machine where your code runs, you should be
able to use this.
Email::Sender::Transport::SMTP
This transport contacts a remote SMTP server over TCP. It optionally
uses TLS or SSL and can authenticate to the server via SASL.
Telling Email::Stuffer to use your transport is straightforward.
$message->transport($email_sender_transport_object)->send_or_die;
How do I use MIME to make an attachment to a mail message?
Email::MIME directly supports multipart messages. Email::MIME objects
themselves are parts and can be attached to other Email::MIME objects.
Consult the Email::MIME documentation for more information, including
all of the supported methods and examples of their use.
Email::Stuffer uses Email::MIME under the hood to construct messages,
and wraps the most common attachment tasks with the simple "attach" and
"attach_file" methods.
Email::Stuffer->to('friend@example.com')
->subject('The file')
->attach_file('stuff.csv')
->send_or_die;
How do I read email?
Use the Email::Folder module, like so:
use Email::Folder;
my $folder = Email::Folder->new('/path/to/email/folder');
while(my $message = $folder->next_message) {
# next_message returns Email::Simple objects, but we want
# Email::MIME objects as they're more robust
my $mime = Email::MIME->new($message->as_string);
}
There are different classes in the Email::Folder namespace for
supporting various mailbox types. Note that these modules are generally
rather limited and only support reading rather than writing.
How do I find out my hostname, domainname, or IP address?
(contributed by brian d foy)
The Net::Domain module, which is part of the Standard Library starting
in Perl 5.7.3, can get you the fully qualified domain name (FQDN), the
host name, or the domain name.
use Net::Domain qw(hostname hostfqdn hostdomain);
my $host = hostfqdn();
The Sys::Hostname module, part of the Standard Library, can also get the
hostname:
use Sys::Hostname;
$host = hostname();
The Sys::Hostname::Long module takes a different approach and tries
harder to return the fully qualified hostname:
use Sys::Hostname::Long 'hostname_long';
my $hostname = hostname_long();
To get the IP address, you can use the "gethostbyname" built-in function
to turn the name into a number. To turn that number into the dotted
octet form (a.b.c.d) that most people expect, use the "inet_ntoa"
function from the Socket module, which also comes with perl.
use Socket;
my $address = inet_ntoa(
scalar gethostbyname( $host || 'localhost' )
);
How do I fetch/put an (S)FTP file?
Net::FTP, and Net::SFTP allow you to interact with FTP and SFTP (Secure
FTP) servers.
How can I do RPC in Perl?
Use one of the RPC modules( <https://metacpan.org/search?q=RPC> ).
AUTHOR AND COPYRIGHT
Copyright (c) 1997-2010 Tom Christiansen, Nathan Torkington, and other
authors as noted. All rights reserved.
This documentation is free; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the same terms as Perl itself.
Irrespective of its distribution, all code examples in this file are
hereby placed into the public domain. You are permitted and encouraged
to use this code in your own programs for fun or for profit as you see
fit. A simple comment in the code giving credit would be courteous but
is not required.
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