warnings(3perl) Perl Programmers Reference Guide warnings(3perl)
NAME
warnings - Perl pragma to control optional warnings
SYNOPSIS
use warnings;
no warnings;
# Standard warnings are enabled by use v5.35 or above
use v5.35;
use warnings "all";
no warnings "uninitialized";
# or equivalent to those last two ...
use warnings qw(all -uninitialized);
use warnings::register;
if (warnings::enabled()) {
warnings::warn("some warning");
}
if (warnings::enabled("void")) {
warnings::warn("void", "some warning");
}
if (warnings::enabled($object)) {
warnings::warn($object, "some warning");
}
warnings::warnif("some warning");
warnings::warnif("void", "some warning");
warnings::warnif($object, "some warning");
DESCRIPTION
The "warnings" pragma gives control over which warnings are enabled in
which parts of a Perl program. It's a more flexible alternative for
both the command line flag -w and the equivalent Perl variable, $^W.
This pragma works just like the "strict" pragma. This means that the
scope of the warning pragma is limited to the enclosing block. It also
means that the pragma setting will not leak across files (via "use",
"require" or "do"). This allows authors to independently define the
degree of warning checks that will be applied to their module.
By default, optional warnings are disabled, so any legacy code that
doesn't attempt to control the warnings will work unchanged.
All warnings are enabled in a block by either of these:
use warnings;
use warnings 'all';
Similarly all warnings are disabled in a block by either of these:
no warnings;
no warnings 'all';
For example, consider the code below:
use warnings;
my @x;
{
no warnings;
my $y = @x[0];
}
my $z = @x[0];
The code in the enclosing block has warnings enabled, but the inner
block has them disabled. In this case that means the assignment to the
scalar $z will trip the "Scalar value @x[0] better written as $x[0]"
warning, but the assignment to the scalar $y will not.
All warnings are enabled automatically within the scope of a "use v5.35"
(or higher) declaration.
Default Warnings and Optional Warnings
Before the introduction of lexical warnings, Perl had two classes of
warnings: mandatory and optional.
As its name suggests, if your code tripped a mandatory warning, you
would get a warning whether you wanted it or not. For example, the code
below would always produce an "isn't numeric" warning about the "2:".
my $x = "2:" + 3;
With the introduction of lexical warnings, mandatory warnings now become
default warnings. The difference is that although the previously
mandatory warnings are still enabled by default, they can then be
subsequently enabled or disabled with the lexical warning pragma. For
example, in the code below, an "isn't numeric" warning will only be
reported for the $x variable.
my $x = "2:" + 3;
no warnings;
my $y = "2:" + 3;
Note that neither the -w flag or the $^W can be used to disable/enable
default warnings. They are still mandatory in this case.
"Negative warnings"
As a convenience, you can (as of Perl 5.34) pass arguments to the
import() method both positively and negatively. Negative warnings are
those with a "-" sign prepended to their names; positive warnings are
anything else. This lets you turn on some warnings and turn off others
in one command. So, assuming that you've already turned on a bunch of
warnings but want to tweak them a bit in some block, you can do this:
{
use warnings qw(uninitialized -redefine);
...
}
which is equivalent to:
{
use warnings qw(uninitialized);
no warnings qw(redefine);
...
}
The argument list is processed in the order you specify. So, for
example, if you don't want to be warned about use of experimental
features, except for "somefeature" that you really dislike, you can say
this:
use warnings qw(all -experimental experimental::somefeature);
which is equivalent to:
use warnings 'all';
no warnings 'experimental';
use warnings 'experimental::somefeature';
As experimental features become regular features of Perl, the
corresponding warnings are not printed anymore. They also stop being
listed in the "Category Hierarchy" below.
It is still possible to request turning on or off these warnings, but
doing so has no effect.
What's wrong with -w and $^W
Although very useful, the big problem with using -w on the command line
to enable warnings is that it is all or nothing. Take the typical
scenario when you are writing a Perl program. Parts of the code you
will write yourself, but it's very likely that you will make use of pre-
written Perl modules. If you use the -w flag in this case, you end up
enabling warnings in pieces of code that you haven't written.
Similarly, using $^W to either disable or enable blocks of code is
fundamentally flawed. For a start, say you want to disable warnings in
a block of code. You might expect this to be enough to do the trick:
{
local ($^W) = 0;
my $x =+ 2;
my $y; chop $y;
}
When this code is run with the -w flag, a warning will be produced for
the $x line: "Reversed += operator".
The problem is that Perl has both compile-time and run-time warnings.
To disable compile-time warnings you need to rewrite the code like this:
{
BEGIN { $^W = 0 }
my $x =+ 2;
my $y; chop $y;
}
And note that unlike the first example, this will permanently set $^W
since it cannot both run during compile-time and be localized to a run-
time block.
The other big problem with $^W is the way you can inadvertently change
the warning setting in unexpected places in your code. For example,
when the code below is run (without the -w flag), the second call to
"doit" will trip a "Use of uninitialized value" warning, whereas the
first will not.
sub doit
{
my $y; chop $y;
}
doit();
{
local ($^W) = 1;
doit()
}
This is a side-effect of $^W being dynamically scoped.
Lexical warnings get around these limitations by allowing finer control
over where warnings can or can't be tripped.
Controlling Warnings from the Command Line
There are three Command Line flags that can be used to control when
warnings are (or aren't) produced:
-w This is the existing flag. If the lexical warnings pragma is not
used in any of your code, or any of the modules that you use, this
flag will enable warnings everywhere. See "Backward Compatibility"
for details of how this flag interacts with lexical warnings.
-W If the -W flag is used on the command line, it will enable all
warnings throughout the program regardless of whether warnings were
disabled locally using "no warnings" or "$^W =0". This includes
all files that get included via "use", "require" or "do". Think of
it as the Perl equivalent of the "lint" command.
-X Does the exact opposite to the -W flag, i.e. it disables all
warnings.
Backward Compatibility
If you are used to working with a version of Perl prior to the
introduction of lexically scoped warnings, or have code that uses both
lexical warnings and $^W, this section will describe how they interact.
How Lexical Warnings interact with -w/$^W:
1. If none of the three command line flags (-w, -W or -X) that control
warnings is used and neither $^W nor the "warnings" pragma are
used, then default warnings will be enabled and optional warnings
disabled. This means that legacy code that doesn't attempt to
control the warnings will work unchanged.
2. The -w flag just sets the global $^W variable as in 5.005. This
means that any legacy code that currently relies on manipulating
$^W to control warning behavior will still work as is.
3. Apart from now being a boolean, the $^W variable operates in
exactly the same horrible uncontrolled global way, except that it
cannot disable/enable default warnings.
4. If a piece of code is under the control of the "warnings" pragma,
both the $^W variable and the -w flag will be ignored for the scope
of the lexical warning.
5. The only way to override a lexical warnings setting is with the -W
or -X command line flags.
The combined effect of 3 & 4 is that it will allow code which uses the
"warnings" pragma to control the warning behavior of $^W-type code
(using a "local $^W=0") if it really wants to, but not vice-versa.
Category Hierarchy
A hierarchy of "categories" have been defined to allow groups of
warnings to be enabled/disabled in isolation.
The current hierarchy is:
all -+
|
+- closure
|
+- deprecated ----+
| |
| +- deprecated::apostrophe_as_package_separator
| |
| +- deprecated::delimiter_will_be_paired
| |
| +- deprecated::dot_in_inc
| |
| +- deprecated::goto_construct
| |
| +- deprecated::missing_import_called_with_args
| |
| +- deprecated::smartmatch
| |
| +- deprecated::subsequent_use_version
| |
| +- deprecated::unicode_property_name
| |
| +- deprecated::version_downgrade
|
+- exiting
|
+- experimental --+
| |
| +- experimental::args_array_with_signatures
| |
| +- experimental::builtin
| |
| +- experimental::class
| |
| +- experimental::declared_refs
| |
| +- experimental::defer
| |
| +- experimental::extra_paired_delimiters
| |
| +- experimental::private_use
| |
| +- experimental::re_strict
| |
| +- experimental::refaliasing
| |
| +- experimental::regex_sets
| |
| +- experimental::try
| |
| +- experimental::uniprop_wildcards
| |
| +- experimental::vlb
|
+- glob
|
+- imprecision
|
+- io ------------+
| |
| +- closed
| |
| +- exec
| |
| +- layer
| |
| +- newline
| |
| +- pipe
| |
| +- syscalls
| |
| +- unopened
|
+- locale
|
+- misc
|
+- missing
|
+- numeric
|
+- once
|
+- overflow
|
+- pack
|
+- portable
|
+- recursion
|
+- redefine
|
+- redundant
|
+- regexp
|
+- scalar
|
+- severe --------+
| |
| +- debugging
| |
| +- inplace
| |
| +- internal
| |
| +- malloc
|
+- shadow
|
+- signal
|
+- substr
|
+- syntax --------+
| |
| +- ambiguous
| |
| +- bareword
| |
| +- digit
| |
| +- illegalproto
| |
| +- parenthesis
| |
| +- precedence
| |
| +- printf
| |
| +- prototype
| |
| +- qw
| |
| +- reserved
| |
| +- semicolon
|
+- taint
|
+- threads
|
+- uninitialized
|
+- unpack
|
+- untie
|
+- utf8 ----------+
| |
| +- non_unicode
| |
| +- nonchar
| |
| +- surrogate
|
+- void
Just like the "strict" pragma any of these categories can be combined
use warnings qw(void redefine);
no warnings qw(io syntax untie);
Also like the "strict" pragma, if there is more than one instance of the
"warnings" pragma in a given scope the cumulative effect is additive.
use warnings qw(void); # only "void" warnings enabled
...
use warnings qw(io); # only "void" & "io" warnings enabled
...
no warnings qw(void); # only "io" warnings enabled
To determine which category a specific warning has been assigned to see
perldiag.
Note: Before Perl 5.8.0, the lexical warnings category "deprecated" was
a sub-category of the "syntax" category. It is now a top-level category
in its own right.
Note: Before 5.21.0, the "missing" lexical warnings category was
internally defined to be the same as the "uninitialized" category. It is
now a top-level category in its own right.
Fatal Warnings
The presence of the word "FATAL" in the category list will escalate
warnings in those categories into fatal errors in that lexical scope.
NOTE: FATAL warnings should be used with care, particularly "FATAL =>
'all'".
Libraries using warnings::warn for custom warning categories generally
don't expect warnings::warn to be fatal and can wind up in an unexpected
state as a result. For XS modules issuing categorized warnings, such
unanticipated exceptions could also expose memory leak bugs.
Moreover, the Perl interpreter itself has had serious bugs involving
fatalized warnings. For a summary of resolved and unresolved problems
as of January 2015, please see this perl5-porters post
<http://www.nntp.perl.org/group/perl.perl5.porters/2015/01/msg225235.html>.
While some developers find fatalizing some warnings to be a useful
defensive programming technique, using "FATAL => 'all'" to fatalize all
possible warning categories -- including custom ones -- is particularly
risky. Therefore, the use of "FATAL => 'all'" is discouraged.
The strictures module on CPAN offers one example of a warnings subset
that the module's authors believe is relatively safe to fatalize.
NOTE: Users of FATAL warnings, especially those using "FATAL => 'all'",
should be fully aware that they are risking future portability of their
programs by doing so. Perl makes absolutely no commitments to not
introduce new warnings or warnings categories in the future; indeed, we
explicitly reserve the right to do so. Code that may not warn now may
warn in a future release of Perl if the Perl5 development team deems it
in the best interests of the community to do so. Should code using
FATAL warnings break due to the introduction of a new warning we will
NOT consider it an incompatible change. Users of FATAL warnings should
take special caution during upgrades to check to see if their code
triggers any new warnings and should pay particular attention to the
fine print of the documentation of the features they use to ensure they
do not exploit features that are documented as risky, deprecated, or
unspecified, or where the documentation says "so don't do that", or
anything with the same sense and spirit. Use of such features in
combination with FATAL warnings is ENTIRELY AT THE USER'S RISK.
The following documentation describes how to use FATAL warnings but the
perl5 porters strongly recommend that you understand the risks before
doing so, especially for library code intended for use by others, as
there is no way for downstream users to change the choice of fatal
categories.
In the code below, the use of "time", "length" and "join" can all
produce a "Useless use of xxx in void context" warning.
use warnings;
time;
{
use warnings FATAL => qw(void);
length "abc";
}
join "", 1,2,3;
print "done\n";
When run it produces this output
Useless use of time in void context at fatal line 3.
Useless use of length in void context at fatal line 7.
The scope where "length" is used has escalated the "void" warnings
category into a fatal error, so the program terminates immediately when
it encounters the warning.
To explicitly turn off a "FATAL" warning you just disable the warning it
is associated with. So, for example, to disable the "void" warning in
the example above, either of these will do the trick:
no warnings qw(void);
no warnings FATAL => qw(void);
If you want to downgrade a warning that has been escalated into a fatal
error back to a normal warning, you can use the "NONFATAL" keyword. For
example, the code below will promote all warnings into fatal errors,
except for those in the "syntax" category.
use warnings FATAL => 'all', NONFATAL => 'syntax';
As of Perl 5.20, instead of "use warnings FATAL => 'all';" you can use:
use v5.20; # Perl 5.20 or greater is required for the following
use warnings 'FATAL'; # short form of "use warnings FATAL => 'all';"
However, you should still heed the guidance earlier in this section
against using "use warnings FATAL => 'all';".
If you want your program to be compatible with versions of Perl before
5.20, you must use "use warnings FATAL => 'all';" instead. (In previous
versions of Perl, the behavior of the statements "use warnings
'FATAL';", "use warnings 'NONFATAL';" and "no warnings 'FATAL';" was
unspecified; they did not behave as if they included the "=> 'all'"
portion. As of 5.20, they do.)
Reporting Warnings from a Module
The "warnings" pragma provides a number of functions that are useful for
module authors. These are used when you want to report a module-
specific warning to a calling module that has enabled warnings via the
"warnings" pragma.
Consider the module "MyMod::Abc" below.
package MyMod::Abc;
use warnings::register;
sub open {
my $path = shift;
if ($path !~ m#^/#) {
warnings::warn("changing relative path to /var/abc")
if warnings::enabled();
$path = "/var/abc/$path";
}
}
1;
The call to "warnings::register" will create a new warnings category
called "MyMod::Abc", i.e. the new category name matches the current
package name. The "open" function in the module will display a warning
message if it gets given a relative path as a parameter. This warning
will only be displayed if the code that uses "MyMod::Abc" has actually
enabled them with the "warnings" pragma as below - note that a plain
"use warnings" enables even warnings that have not yet been registered.
use warnings;
use MyMod::Abc;
...
abc::open("../fred.txt");
The specific warning can be enabled or disabled, but only after the
module has been imported:
# no warnings 'MyMod::Abc'; # error, unknown category before
# the module is loaded
use MyMod::Abc;
no warnings 'MyMod::Abc'; # ok after the module is loaded
...
abc::open("../fred.txt");
It is also possible to test whether the pre-defined warnings categories
are set in the calling module with the "warnings::enabled" function.
Consider this snippet of code:
package MyMod::Abc;
sub open2 {
if (warnings::enabled("deprecated")) {
warnings::warn("deprecated",
"open2 is deprecated, use open instead");
}
open(@_);
}
sub open
...
1;
The function "open2" has been deprecated, so code has been included to
display a warning message whenever the calling module has (at least) the
"deprecated" warnings category enabled. Something like this, say.
use warnings 'deprecated';
use MyMod::Abc;
...
MyMod::Abc::open2($filename);
Either the "warnings::warn" or "warnings::warnif" function should be
used to actually display the warnings message. This is because they can
make use of the feature that allows warnings to be escalated into fatal
errors. So in this case
use MyMod::Abc;
use warnings FATAL => 'MyMod::Abc';
...
MyMod::Abc::open('../fred.txt');
the "warnings::warnif" function will detect this and die after
displaying the warning message.
The three warnings functions, "warnings::warn", "warnings::warnif" and
"warnings::enabled" can optionally take an object reference in place of
a category name. In this case the functions will use the class name of
the object as the warnings category.
Consider this example:
package Original;
no warnings;
use warnings::register;
sub new
{
my $class = shift;
bless [], $class;
}
sub check
{
my $self = shift;
my $value = shift;
if ($value % 2 && warnings::enabled($self))
{ warnings::warn($self, "Odd numbers are unsafe") }
}
sub doit
{
my $self = shift;
my $value = shift;
$self->check($value);
# ...
}
1;
package Derived;
use warnings::register;
use Original;
our @ISA = qw( Original );
sub new
{
my $class = shift;
bless [], $class;
}
1;
The code below makes use of both modules, but it only enables warnings
from "Derived".
use Original;
use Derived;
use warnings 'Derived';
my $x = Original->new();
$x->doit(1);
my $y = Derived->new();
$x->doit(1);
When this code is run only the "Derived" object, $y, will generate a
warning.
Odd numbers are unsafe at main.pl line 7
Notice also that the warning is reported at the line where the object is
first used.
When registering new categories of warning, you can supply more names to
warnings::register like this:
package MyModule;
use warnings::register qw(format precision);
...
warnings::warnif('MyModule::format', '...');
FUNCTIONS
Note: The functions with names ending in "_at_level" were added in Perl
5.28.
use warnings::register
Creates a new warnings category with the same name as the package
where the call to the pragma is used.
warnings::enabled()
Use the warnings category with the same name as the current package.
Return TRUE if that warnings category is enabled in the calling
module. Otherwise returns FALSE.
warnings::enabled($category)
Return TRUE if the warnings category, $category, is enabled in the
calling module. Otherwise returns FALSE.
warnings::enabled($object)
Use the name of the class for the object reference, $object, as the
warnings category.
Return TRUE if that warnings category is enabled in the first scope
where the object is used. Otherwise returns FALSE.
warnings::enabled_at_level($category, $level)
Like "warnings::enabled", but $level specifies the exact call frame,
0 being the immediate caller.
warnings::fatal_enabled()
Return TRUE if the warnings category with the same name as the
current package has been set to FATAL in the calling module.
Otherwise returns FALSE.
warnings::fatal_enabled($category)
Return TRUE if the warnings category $category has been set to FATAL
in the calling module. Otherwise returns FALSE.
warnings::fatal_enabled($object)
Use the name of the class for the object reference, $object, as the
warnings category.
Return TRUE if that warnings category has been set to FATAL in the
first scope where the object is used. Otherwise returns FALSE.
warnings::fatal_enabled_at_level($category, $level)
Like "warnings::fatal_enabled", but $level specifies the exact call
frame, 0 being the immediate caller.
warnings::warn($message)
Print $message to STDERR.
Use the warnings category with the same name as the current package.
If that warnings category has been set to "FATAL" in the calling
module then die. Otherwise return.
warnings::warn($category, $message)
Print $message to STDERR.
If the warnings category, $category, has been set to "FATAL" in the
calling module then die. Otherwise return.
warnings::warn($object, $message)
Print $message to STDERR.
Use the name of the class for the object reference, $object, as the
warnings category.
If that warnings category has been set to "FATAL" in the scope where
$object is first used then die. Otherwise return.
warnings::warn_at_level($category, $level, $message)
Like "warnings::warn", but $level specifies the exact call frame, 0
being the immediate caller.
warnings::warnif($message)
Equivalent to:
if (warnings::enabled())
{ warnings::warn($message) }
warnings::warnif($category, $message)
Equivalent to:
if (warnings::enabled($category))
{ warnings::warn($category, $message) }
warnings::warnif($object, $message)
Equivalent to:
if (warnings::enabled($object))
{ warnings::warn($object, $message) }
warnings::warnif_at_level($category, $level, $message)
Like "warnings::warnif", but $level specifies the exact call frame,
0 being the immediate caller.
warnings::register_categories(@names)
This registers warning categories for the given names and is
primarily for use by the warnings::register pragma.
See also "Pragmatic Modules" in perlmodlib and perldiag.
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